Celiac disease is the most common disease that occurs because of consuming Gluten. The only method to treat this disease is to use gluten-free foodstuffs. The purpose of this research was to optimize the production of Gluten-free Brotchen bread based on corn that contains lentils flour and Mucilage to the seeds. For this reason, the lentils flour was added to the formulation in three levels of (25, 50, and 75 percent) as the replacement of wheat flour and mucilage to the quince seeds in three levels of (1, 2, and 3 percent), and finally the resulted and obtained optimized sample was compared to the sample that was without lentils flour and mucilage to the quince seeds. The statistical analysis and optimization of this process was performed in response surface method. The obtained results indicated that with adding lentils flour and mucilage to the seeds, the amount of viscosity, density and moisture of seeds were increased and the lightness and stiffness level of the sample tissues were decreased. The samples particular volume was decreased very slightly with adding lentils flour but it was decrease at first and then increased with more trend through adding the mucilage amount to the seeds. Also, the general reception of samples indicated that with increase in the amount of lentils flour the amount of general reception, from the viewpoint of evaluators, was decreased at first and increased then, while with increase in the amount of mucilage to quince seeds the amount of general reception was increased at first and decreased then. The results of formulation optimization indicated that to reach the above mentioned purposes it is necessary that density of lentils flour will be 25% and density of mucilage to quince seeds will be 3%. On the one side, the results of comparison between the control and optimized sample indicated that the optimised sample had more viscosity, moisture and general reception than control sample. According to the obtained results it can be said that mucilage to quince seeds can be used to simulate and imitate the properties of gluten and also the lentils flour can be used in producing the gluten-free bread.

Introduction: Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) is an important and highly nutritious crop belonging to the family of legumes. Lentil is cultivated worldwide but competition with weeds is a problem affecting production and can reduce performance by more than 80%. Euphorbia helioscopia weed is a major weed in lentil cultivation. In the first place, it is necessary to have a thorough and comprehensive knowledge about the characteristics of the lentils and the accompanying impurities to mechanize the process of automatizing activities related to lentils such as warehousing, sorting (grading), packaging, transportation and other activities. On the other hand, physical and aerodynamic properties of agricultural products were always regarded as significant because those are the basis for designing and construction of agricultural and machineries, transport equipment, grading and processing of agricultural products. Designing agricultural machineries was impossible without regarding these parameters, or it would lead to weak results. The study of physical properties and separation of Euphorbia helioscopia weed from lentil by a gravity separator is of extreme importance. Since no study has been done to date, in this work physical properties of lentil and Euphorbia helioscopia weed are investigated. Moroever, the effects of different parameters of a gravity separator and their influence on the separation of Euphorbia helioscopia weed from lentil seeds are evaluated.Materials & Methods: In the present research, lentil samples were taken from farms in Ardebil province (Bileh-Savar cultivar) and transferred to the seed technology laboratory at the University of Tehran. In addition, some physical properties of lentil and weed of Euphorbia helioscopia including mass of 1000 seeds, volume, true and bulk densities and porosity and static coefficient of friction (two types of friction surface: galvanized iron sheet and particle board) were measured. In addition, in this research, a gravity separator apparatus was used for separating weed of Euphorbia helioscopia from lentils. A Laboratory Gravity Separator Type LA-K (Westrup A/S Denmark) was used to separate Euphorbia helioscopia weed from lentil seeds. Influence of parameters of machine table (longitudinal and latitudinal slopes, oscillation frequency and amplitude and velocity of air) have been studied for obtaining of maximum separation of weed of Euphorbia helioscopia from lentils. Data analysis and comparison of means were done by using MSTAT-C software and Duncan's Multiple Range Test.Results & Discussion: The obtained results show the main effects oscillation of frequency, latitudinal slope, and longitudinal slope, the mutual binary effect of latitudinal and longitudinal slope, the mutual binary effect of the latitudinal slope and the frequency of oscillation were significant at a 1% and the mutual binary effect of the longitudinal slope and the frequency of oscillation significant at a 5%. However, the mutual triple effect of oscillation frequency, longitudinal slope, and latitudinal slope was not significant. Furthermore, results showed that increase of latitudinal slope of table and increase of longitudinal slope from 1.25 to 2 degrees increased separation of weed of Euphorbia helioscopia from lentils. The results of the experiment showed that the separation of Euphorbia helioscopia weed from lentils get to maximum 14.2 percent. After determining most suitable amplitude and velocity of air, using data from the longitudinal slope, latitudinal slope and dimensionless number (V/aw) was used to calculate mathematical relations of separation percentage of Euphorbia helioscopia weed from lentil clumps using Datafit software.Conclusion:1. Physical properties obtained for lentil were as weight of 1000 seeds (57.03 g), true density (1.214 g cm-3), bulk density (0.782 g cm-3), coefficient of static friction (galvanized iron sheet (0.394 degrees) and particle board (0.37 degrees)), porosity (35.59 %), and the Euphorbia helioscopia weed including weight of 1000 seeds (5.69 g), true density (0.857 g cm-3), bulk density (0.538 g cm-3), coefficient of static friction (galvanized iron sheet (0.32 degrees) and particle board (0.40 degrees)), porosity (37.2 %).2. Increased latitudinal slope of the table from 0.5° to 1° and longitudinal slope of the table from 1.25° to 2° result in increased separation percentage of wild oat weed from lentil seeds.3. The results demonstrated that at settings of longitudinal slope of 2°, latitudinal slope 1°, and frequency of oscillation 400 cycles min-1, the maximum separation was 14.2%. In this case, the output lentil seeds contained the least amount of wild oat weeds.

In order to evaluate relationship between Different traits in lentils (lens culinaris Medik), a field study was conducted as an RCBD based design with 3 replications on Zanjan University Research Farm during spring of the year 2004.ANOVA analysis revealed significant differences for all characters except for the number of primary branches.Correlation analysis indicated positive and significant correlation between seed yield and harvest index, number of primary branches, pods/plant and biological yield, and grain yield. The result of the factor analysis also showed that the second factor including number of primary branches, pods/plant, grain yield, canopy width and seeds/plant was an important trait involved in the grain yield in lentil. In addition, cluster analysis helped divide the genotypes into four distance groups of large, medium, semi medium and low yields.

Soil salinization is one of the threats that affect the germination, growth, and production of many crops. The present study has evaluated to what degree Azolla piñ, nata extracts can improve the salt tolerance of lentil (Lens culinaris, Giza 9) seeds. Germination percentage, salt tolerance, plumule, and radicle lengths and seedling vigor index were gradually reduced at 150 and 200 mM NaCl salt stress. While the catalase and ascorbic oxidase enzymes activities were gradually inhibited at the two levels of NaCl salt-stress, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities were significantly enhanced. Total soluble sugar in salt-stressed lentils along with α,-amylase activity were also lowered. The level of the phytohormones auxins, gibberellic acids, and zeatin highly decreased at 150 mM NaCl, while the abscisic acid level was not affected. On the other side, H2O2, lipid peroxidation, and proline levels drastically enhanced at 150 and 200 mM NaCl salt stress. Salt-stressed lentil extracts (2, 4, 6, and 8 mg ml-1) had a high H2O2 scavenging activity percentage compared to unstressed ones. Fresh or boiled extract of Azolla piñ, nata alleviated all negative effects of 150 mM NaCl salt-stress on lentils by enhancing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, H2O2 scavenging capacity, α,-amylase activity, and elevating soluble sugars, proline, and phytohormones content (particularly gibberellic acid). The fresh extract was more effective than the boiled one to increase the NaCl stress tolerance of lentils. Germination was finally recovered by Azolla extracts which may be considered as a piece of evidence to support the role of the application of Azolla piñ, nata extracts as a biostimulant to improve germination and early growth of many species under salinity.

This project was carried out to study and classify the lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) genotypes during germination and seedling establishment, in Greenhouse and in two stages. First stage was carried out with 43 genotypes and Mardom cultivar of lentil in 4 levels of salinity and 3 replications in factorial experiment in as a completely randomized design in a combination of non-saline and saline soil in the 1, 2-1, 1-1 and 1-2 weight ratios (respectively non-saline soil and saline soil). Second stage was carried out with 3 genotypes and Mardom cultivar of lentil in 4 levels of salinity of NaCl (0, 60, 120, 180 mM) and 3 replications in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. In this project, some morphological characteristics as well as the content of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and proline were evaluated. Analysis of the results showed that as the salinity increased, morphological traits in most genotypes were significantly damaged. For clustering genotypes in the first experiment, cluster analysis and principal component analysis was carried out and genotypes were classified in four different groups. 4 genotypes for second experiment were selected according to the results of cluster analysis. Results showed that there was high diversity in lentil genotypes in response to salt stress, and we can use this diversity in cultivars breeding programs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate phytoavailability of cadmium to lentils after the application of composted animal manures. In a greenhouse experiment, two lentil (Lens culinaris) cultivars were grown in the soils applied with different levels of Cd from animal manure compost, and compared with Cd applied as cadmium chloride or their combination. Phytotoxicity of Cd was determined as plant growth, Cd accumulation, and the uptake of macronutrients. Addition of Cd significantly reduced plant growth and plant weight as well as plant water content. Phytotoxicity of Cd applied through manure composts was significantly less than the same rate of Cd amended with soluble CdCl2, suggesting the lower potential hazard of composted manure-applied Cd. Plants accumulated substantial amount of Cd in different plant parts. Most of the Cd taken up was retained in roots, and lentil roots had higher concentrations of Cd than the stem. Phytotoxicity of applied Cd in Ziba was significantly greater than that in Zabol cultivar. Cadmium addition especially as metal salt reduced nutrient concentrations in the shoot, and caused more nutrient accumulation in roots, probably due to the inhibition of their translocation to plant shoots. The results of this experiment point to the fact that the Cd source and loading rate are important factors in evaluation of Cd phytoavailability.

IntroductionSalinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses which results in significant damages to agricultural production, which has affected about 20% of the world's agricultural lands, and its constantly increases. Plant responses to salinity stress have been depending on the severity, species, and even genotype. Different accessions of a species may also use different mechanisms to cope with salinity stress and complete their life cycle. Therefore, the identification mechanism of salt-tolerant plants is necessary to select plants for high salinity conditions. With the development of the cultivation of tolerance plants in saline soils, it is possible to use the soil more efficiently; but salt tolerance is controlled by complex physiological and genetic processes, and understanding these mechanisms is essential to improving yield in saline soils. Different strategies can be used to prevent a decrease in yield in these areas. Plant adaptation to salinity stress in low or medium salinity stress has been suggested as a way to increase plant yield in saline soils. Considering the importance of salinity stress and also the beneficial environmental effects of legumes on crop rotation as well as the role of physiological and antioxidant characteristics in salinity tolerance and genetic diversity between lentil genotypes, this study was conducted to select lentil genotypes under salinity in a controlled environment.Materials and methodsThis study was carried out in hydroponic conditions in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Iran in 2019. The experiment was performed as split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The 24 lentil genotypes were selected in the pretest and two salinity stress levels 12 and 16 dS.m-1 and 0.5 (control) were investigated. Seeds of lentil genotypes were prepared from the seed bank of the Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Seeds were sown in the hydroponic environment in the greenhouse with light and dark periods according to natural day length, day and night temperatures of 25 and 18 °C respectively with ±5 °C variations and natural light conditions. One week after planting, salinity stress was applied. Four weeks after applying salinity stress, traits including photosynthetic pigments, DPPH radical activity, malondialdehyde, total phenol, soluble carbohydrates, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, osmotic potential, and proline were measured. To calculate the percentage of survival before salinity stress, the number of plants was recorded and before harvest, the number of live plants was recorded and the percentage of survival was calculated.Results and discussionThe results showed that at the salinity of 12dSm-1 MLC6, MLC12, MLC26, MLC120 and MLC178 had a survival of over 60%. Under 16dSm-1 salinity except for MLC57, MLC73, MLC94, MLC104, and MLC108 genotypes, other genotypes survived and MLC178 and MLC26 genotypes had the highest survival with 30% and 25%, respectively. With increasing salinity stress levels, the content of chlorophyll a, total photosynthetic pigments, and total phenol in all genotypes had a decreasing trend. Chlorophyll a content increase with an increase salinity from controll (0.724 mg.g-1 Fw) to 16 dSm-1 (0.220724 mg.g-1 Fw). Osmotic potential with increasing salinity was a more negative state of values at 16dSm-1 of MLC178     (-3.91 MPa) and MLC26 (-5.62 MPa). Increasing salinity stress from 0.5 to 16 dS.m-1 increased inhibition of the free radical activity of DPPH, activity of catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase in MLC117 and MLC178 genotypes. Also, except for two genotypes, MLC5 and MLC14, the other remaining genotypes had a good ability to reduce the osmotic potential at the salinity of 16dSm-1. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first component explained 50.14% of the changes and properties related to photosynthetic pigments and osmotic potential and the second component explained the antioxidant properties, metabolites, and survival percentage with 12.66%.ConclusionGenerally, results showed the superiority in most of the studied traits of the MLC6, MLC12, MLC26, MLC117, MLC120, and MLC178 compared to the total average. Due to the relative superiority of this genotypes of genotypes, it is recommended that perform additional studies to evaluate their salinity tolerance in field conditions.

Germination and emergence of cold tolerant lentil genotypes sometimes experiences low temperatures and variable rainfalls in the fall planting. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of drought stress on germination stage of lentil genotypes. Experiment was carried out with 18 lentil genotypes under five levels of water potential (0, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, -1.6 MPa) using PEG solutions with a 5x 18 factorial experiment based on a compeletly randomaized design with three replications of 25 seeds at 13oc Germination and normal seedling percentage, germination rate, radicle and plumule length were measured. Germination averaged over genotypes was 88% at 0 MPa whereas it was 18% at -1.6 MPa. MLC20, with 79%, MLC138 and MLC25 with 74% showed the highest germination, whereas MLC245 and MLC7 with 45% and 47% percent had the lowest germination percentage, respectively. The effects of water potentials x genotypes on all traits were significantly different (p<0.05). At 0 MPa water potential 10 genotypes had higher than 90% germination, whereas in -1.6 MPa 12 genotypes had less than 30% and even at six genotypes there was not germination. ranking of genotypes for evaluated traits indicated MLC20 and MLC7 as a tolerant and a sensitive genotype to drought at germination stage, respectively.